The importance of international law to international traders Coursework

The significance of universal law to global dealers - Coursework Example Be that as it may, as of late the line existing among private and open universal law has been entirely flighty. Despite the fact that both these laws are associated, commonly in specific territories of exercises clashes and inconsistencies can ordinarily emerge. 1 International Law incorporates the essential, great ideas of law in national lawful frameworks - status, property, commitment, and tort (or delict). It likewise incorporates meaningful law, methodology, procedure and cures. Global Law is established in acknowledgment by the country states which comprise the framework. Worldwide law is an essential viewpoint in global exchanging and it is basically worried about cross outskirt exchanges. Since global merchants are profoundly exposed to worldwide exchange laws and arrangements, they work in great coordinated effort with legitimate experts and universal exchange specialists. 1 Cornell University of Law School. 2010. Universal Law. [ONLINE] Available at: http://points. law.corn ell .edu/wex/International _ law. [Accessed 18 February 11]. Lawful speculations and jurisprudential ideas in regard of global law The fundamental International legitimate framework is the way toward dissecting the pragmatic usefulness of the worldwide exchange capacities identified with universal approach, and the manner by which the universal law norms can expand the exchange efficiencies .It principally focuses more on the ease of use of laws by the international strategy producers instead of the lovely substance and presentation of it. Worldwide law, unmistakably clarifies the manner by which the universal lawful exchanges work and the manner by which the remote associations consolidate these law in their working framework. Universal law arrangements and methodologies controls exchange dealings and stays away from control and abuse in the worldwide business exercises. 2 For nearly thirty years global law has been separated from the remainder of the scholarly life by the necessit ies and interruptions of the two universal wars. As these early pioneers told the historical backdrop of their order , their ancestors, the great researchers who were ideologically part in to two armed forces , had handed universal law over to a front line. The genuine estimation of the global law strategies is that it gives numerous territories for the brokers and individuals to take a shot at exchange relations and exchanges. United Nations, being the advertiser of harmony, focus on the harmony and serenity in all the dealings happening on worldwide level. 3The principle point of the United Nations is the protection of world harmony. It is unequivocally accepted that expanded worldwide exchange, 2 .Pervis, N, 1991. Basic Legal Studies in Public International Law. Law Journal , 32/1, 81-89 3.J.W.T.Chan. 2007. Present day Law for Global Commerce. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/congress/Chan.pdf. [Accessed 19 February 11]. Which conveys with it the expandi ng interdependency of countries just as more prominent and better cooperations between the individuals of the world is a solid contributing component to world harmony. Therefore the solid help by the United Nations to all activities that would expel impediments to world exchange, for example, activities to orchestrate or bind together the principles of worldwide tra

Short essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short - Essay Example For an industry to prevail in a serious market, it should concentrate on two basic trainings, the general administration preparing and utilitarian preparing. The fundamental point of preparing is to offer agreeable administrations which reflect neighborly and warmth required in a profoundly serious market. Preparing additionally keeps up the picture of confidence and impact in the employees’ mind. According to my comprehension, in a business aeronautics, thorough preparing rouse the representatives by furnishing them with data on the desire for the business, abilities of taking care of travelers just as the guidelines that controls the activity in an industry. The second fundamental spark to my accomplishment in a serious business avionics is the formation of elite assistance conveyance group. A decent number of aeronautics administrations expect cooperation to require the conveyance of perfect administrations to clients. Strong collaboration in avionics industry as a rule enc ourages aptitudes and information sharing among colleagues. Then again, I am likewise propelled to work in a serious aeronautics industry by acknowledgment and reward for a crucial achieved. Adept prize framework shapes the key strategy for inspiration in an industry. ... Clarify. I am agreeable in working with understudies from various social, political, social, racial, and religion foundations. My past encounters have helped me in thinking of a few different ways of receiving with individuals from various setting. In my underlying phase of adapting to understudies from different foundation, I will make a cognizant choice planned for setting up substantial companionship. In building up a significant fellowship with individuals from various foundation, I will ensure that, I comprehend the social decent variety of individuals in my quality. Subsequent to distinguishing the current foundation, I will put myself in a circumstance which will encourage gatherings with understudies from various social settings. Going to gatherings, festivities just as searching for other creative methods for meeting understudies from various foundation will help me in connecting with numerous understudies from various social foundation. I will at that point distinguish the biasness and confusions identifying with various social foundation. To encourage welcoming relationship with individuals from various social foundations, the comprehension of social falsehood is incredibly pivotal. The comprehension of different student’s social confusion will help me in posing important inquiry concerning their perspectives, customs, and culture. To get a profound comprehension on social foundation of various understudies, looking into of their way of life and history writing is likewise essential. Then again, to adapt well to individuals from various social foundation, it is essential to tune in to others history, show a feeling of mindful, comprehend diverse correspondence esteems and styles, commit a danger of making errors just as

Is my application complete COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Is my application complete COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog It is that time of year again when we receive calls and emails regarding application status with the same one liner, “is my application complete?” Here are some few easy steps to check your application status (after you have submitted) that will ease your stress and give you peace of mind while you wait for the ‘decision’. We will use Maggie Pittmans application as a reference â€" No worries, it’s a fabricated application that we created for this blog post. Step 1: Breathe. Now, let’s begin. Step 2: Log into your application.   Already removed the link from your bookmarks, no worries, click here.   The link will take you to this page (see below). Step 3:  Access your application status page.   Select Log in under Returning users and enter your application log in information. You will be directed to the page below. Click Fall 2014 and then click “open application” in the pop up window. Step 4: Check Application Status. You will be automatically directed to the “Application Status” page, which will indicate if any document(s) are missing. Our example below shows that there are recommendation letters missing (as indicated by the red x marks).   If the application is complete the v marks will be green: EXAMPLE 1: INCOMPLETE APPLICATION If you have missing documents, please submit as soon as possible. We will accept letters of recommendation and self-reported GRE/GMAT scores past the deadline, within reason, so that your application can be completed and forwarded to the Committee for review. However, we cannot guarantee materials received after the February 5th deadline will be reviewed.   If a recommendation letter is missing, it is usually fine and should not impact the decision if it is received a little later. EXAMPLE 2: COMPLETE APPLICATION If you do not have missing documents, take a deep breath and smile your application is complete and is being reviewed by the Admissions Committee as we speak. Step 5: Once your application is complete…do the happy dance!

Essay on John Locke vs Thomas Hobbes - 509 Words

Locke versus Hobbes Locke and Hobbes were both social contract theorists, and both natural law theorists, but there the resemblance ends. All other natural law theorists assumed that man was by nature a social animal. Hobbes assumed otherwise, thus his conclusions are strikingly different from those of other natural law theorists. What would life and human relations be like in the absence of government? Thomas Hobbes was the first to attempt to illustrate this condition using an intellectual device- a thought experiment, known as the State of Nature. For Hobbes, the state of nature was not an actual period in history, but rather a way of rationalizing how people would act in their most basic state. He believed that everything in†¦show more content†¦Hobbes further believed that an individuals appetite constantly kept him or her in motion, and that in order to remain in motion, everyone needs a certain degree of power. Thus the pursuit of power is the natural state of humans. Hobbes then says th at nature ahs made men basically equal. He also says that people were constantly in a struggle for power and above all else, they wanted to avoid a violent death. In the state of nature, people were always at war with one another, a war of all against all. Every person had the right to do anything they pleased. Hobbes thought that this would go on until people discovered that they could prevent their demise by avoiding doing things that would purposely endanger their lives. Hobbes also thought that an authoritarian government would come to power in order to enforce the social contract by whatever means necessary. He called this Leviathan. Individuals exchanged their rights in return for peace, security, and protection from one another. John Locke embraced many of the ideas presented by Hobbes in his theories on the state of nature and the rise of government. They differed however, in that Locke believed that God was the prime factor in politics. He believed that individuals were bor n with certain rights given not by government or society, but by God. This he said, is what gives all people equality. Locke said in the stateShow MoreRelatedMonarchy Vs. Democracy By Thomas Hobbes And John Locke1655 Words   |  7 Pages Monarchy vs Democracy Through assessing both monarchy and democracy from both perspectives of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, one can see that democracy creates the most beneficial outcome. Hobbes had a pessimistic view of people. He believed humans were selfish, doing anything to further their own position in life. Hobbes believed in an absolute monarchy, a government that gave all the power to a king or queen. Even though he distrusted democracy, he believed that a diverse group of representativesRead MoreTwo Sided Coin: Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke Essay905 Words   |  4 Pages Two-sided coin: Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke There are always two-sides everything including people and the government, kind of like science vs. faith view. With Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, they give the impression to be on opposite sides when it comes to people, society and the government even and yet both were Englishmen. Hobbes was born 5 April 1588 and died 4 December 1679; he is best known today for his work on political philosophy. While John Locke was 29 August 1632 and died 28 OctoberRead MoreImpact Of Thomas Hobbes During The Age Of Absolutism1009 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Hobbes During the Age of Absolutism The Age of Absolutism was a time during the 16th to 19th centuries where many political, religious and colonial conflicts were rising. Some philosophers began to analyze the ideas of their civilizations in depth toward the end of this time period as it led into the Age of Enlightenment. One of these philosophers was Thomas Hobbes. He had quite a few accomplishments during his lifetime including writing many books and supporting the popular belief thatRead MoreHobbes Vs. Marx On Government s First Duty1038 Words   |  5 PagesHurless Mrs. Sauter World History – Block G 15 December 2014 Topic #1 – Hobbes vs. Locke vs. Marx â€Å"Government’s first duty is to protect the people, not run their lives,† said Ronald Reagan. Some political philosophies like John Locke would agree to this statement, while other, like Thomas Hobbes would not, and some will both agree and disagree, like Karl Marx. You will come to learn why the â€Å"social contract† of John Locke is the best through the review of all three philosophers main ideas on governmentRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes Compare And Contrast862 Words   |  4 Pages Locke vs. Hobbes Compare and Contrast Essay During and after the English Revolution (1642-1688), different philosophers acted differently towards the revolution , based on their ideas and personal experiences. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes stood out to be the most intelligent thinkers who argued in opposite ways. On the contrary they were similar in their approach for the use of reason. They both represented a trend in the 17th and 18th centuries to use reason as a final judgement. By analyzingRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesMadison’s model. These four components include separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism, and republicanism. The philosophies of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes influenced Madison in a way that allowed him to have both liberty and order at the same time. John Locke believed in individual liberty and freedom from the government whilst Thomas Hobbes believed that the state of nature is that people are born selfish. These two philosophers managed to influence Madison because Madison wantedRead MoreEmpiricism Is The Theory That Experience1202 Wor ds   |  5 Pagesand how a government should be ran: politics should be about making citizens more virtuous vs politics should be about the â€Å"basics† like security and property rights. Throughout this paper, I will be analyzing these two different outlooks on politics and presenting a case for both. Thomas Hobbes believed that the government should essentially limit itself to the protection of property and persons. Hobbes thought that power derived from the office, not from the people. Things like virtue, socialRead MoreThe Relationship Between Humanity And The Divine1423 Words   |  6 Pagesfor us. The final question- Are humans above or a part of nature? John Locke and Thomas Hobbes fought over this very idea whenever it came to man being nature or being above nature. Like Aristotle, John Locke believed that man was a social animal. To quote Aristotle’s writings, â€Å"man is by nature a political animal, and a man that is by nature and not merely by fortune citiless is either low in the scale of humanity or above it†. Hobbes however believed that, man is not by nature a social animal, andRead MoreHobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Machiavelli Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesHobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Machiavelli The thirteenth through the eighteenth century brought profound changes in the political realm of Western civilization. Beginning with the Scientific Revolution and only advancing during the Renaissance, secularization and skepticism lead to changes in not only the intellectual life of Westerners, but also to their politics. At the forefront of the political debate were well-versed men such as Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. The influencesRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke s Leviathan And Second Treatise Of Government1852 Words   |  8 PagesHobbes vs. Locke This paper will compare and contrast the beliefs of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke expressed in Leviathan and Second Treatise of Government. The paper will show the basic differences between the two philosophers views, is Hobbes distrust of the people and Locke s relatively greater trust of the people and distrust of the government s power and the likelihood of the abuse of that power. Hobbes view in Leviathan aims at ensuring civil order, which means for him the absolute power

The Pitfall of Developmental Psychology Essay Topics

The Pitfall of Developmental Psychology Essay Topics Lies You've Been Told About Developmental Psychology Essay Topics When you are finished with the majority of your research you should make an outline. Only as soon as you have a very first draft done you can fret about proofreading and editing to get rid of any mistakes which may have slipped through your fingers. The title of your assignment automatically determines the research you are going to have to do to be able to be in a position to compose the paper. Additionally, you can observe unique topics for your research paper on the site! On-line learning isn't for everybody, for it to be successful for you, it has to be comfortable and what you would like to do. You will need to read a great deal when doing research for your academic essay, and it is going to take a lot of time and energy. You understand the fundamental approach for picking a fantastic topic, but nothing is apparently catching your interest. Chancing upo n a topic for your study can be tough, but there are lots of great approaches to think of intriguing ideas. Developmental Psychology Essay Topics at a Glance If you're going to compose a psychology paper, the very first thing you should do is pick a great topic. The second aim of the list of social psychology research topics is associated with the first since it helps readers that are already interested in a topic find new topics that might be of interest. Make certain there are enough online sources on this issue you've chosen. The key to selecting a great topic for your psychology paper is quite straightforward. Get the Scoop on Developmental Psychology Essay Topics Before You're Too Late Second, those who are afflicted by psychological disorders don't have the capacity to control their thoughts, behaviors and feelings, adequately. Individuals who smile because of cultivating positive thoughts can significantly and immediately enhance their mood. Cognitive psychology tackl es the various mental processes happening in somebody's mind. One of the best contributing elements to overall happiness in life is the way much gratitude we show. Go on reading to discover quite a few topics that you're able to consider. For many people, however, it's going to be hugely beneficial to sit down and structure the essay before starting writing. The third reason you must cover essay is that you can't get in the study work the resources by which the writers can. As an example, let's imagine if you are now referring to language history essay than you possibly might have to to incorporate each one of the information concerning the history language on earth aside from any specific area while in certain language history essay, you are going to speak about reputation for the language of a certain place. The 30-Second Trick for Developmental Psychology Essay Topics Before you start, learn more about the way to run a psychology experiment. The large part of the psycholo gy sub-fields are very broad, making researching on it extremely problematic. General psychology is an extensive sphere of wisdom and the writer has an amazing chance to choose among the truly amazing range of ideas. If you're a student of psychology, you'd be asked to pick a specific topic for the last research paper. Psychology is a rather broad and diverse area of study, and it is possible to find a wide variety of lists of potential topics for psychology essay papers online. Before you sit to compose a psychology essay, you should be sure you read the question thoroughly and understood what's required of you. Psychology essays usually begin with the abstract. You will learn how to compose a superb psychology essay with minimal work. Hence, you've finally sat down seriously to compose your essay that is nearly certainly due soon. Anyway, proofreading is insufficient for a psychology essay. Developmental Psychology Essay Topics Options You're able to explore an extremely wide scope of topics like language acquisition, attachment theories, or critical amounts of development. You can concentrate on the effects of the subsequent topics on the nature and development of a young child, adult or elderly. Development psychology is centered on the lifespan of human beings, so you've got numerous topics to pick from. Behaviorism or human behavior psychology doesn't account for more kinds of learning, specifically learning that occurs lacking using reinforcements. The essay is simply a three component competition on the subject of peaceful civic action and peacemaking that's global. Composing such a paper isn't such a draconic task because you might think. Locating a solid topic is just one of the most crucial steps when writing any form of paper. Psychology today has a lot of important domains of applications. What You Must Know About Developmental Psychology Essay Topics Psychology research paper is a typical assignment and source of several sleepless nights at college. AP Psychology exam questions usually incorporate the exact same type of structure. Developmental Psychology has many regions of study. Students want to determine which psychology branch they'd love to concentrate on and it's very simple for them to lose their bearings in such a diverse atmosphere. A History of Developmental Psychology Essay Topics Refuted Undoubtedly, during your hunt you are looking for the very best essay writing company, where you're in a position to order splendidly written materials. You might feel flat or empty. The outline is a good place to continue to keep your thoughts organized. Often times you'll be able to come across a few actions which might be thought as in a position to make essa ys and essay subjects that may secure the greater grade. You might have to structure your essay at the start and generate a review of the substantial body of conversation. The thesis statement is only a summary related to argument you will make. To get started writing your assignment you would want to run into an interesting and promising topic.

Robert Altman’s Subliminal Reality Free Essays

Robert Altman’s Subliminal Reality is written by Robert T. Self, an English professor at Northern Illinois. Self gives the most extensive evaluation of Altman’s work and its value to the industry and the American culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Altman’s Subliminal Reality or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Subliminal Reality, Self talks about Altman’s unconventional approach to cinema and its effect on the subconscious mind of the viewer as the title suggests. This paper will review the book in three main aspects: 1. How Altman’s work challenges conventional Hollywood genres 2. How Altman portrays his main characters as feeble and confined by their gender roles 3. How the entertainment industry chooses to alienate itself culturally. Self took into consideration twenty one feature films by Altman from 1968 to 2000. His main focus is on the characters, the story form, and the social subject. He writes in the introduction: â€Å"In this volume I examine Altman’s films in terms of three particular aspects of art-cinema narration: its interrogation of classical Hollywood storytelling and popular genres, its representation of debilitated and ineffectual social individuality, and its reflexive analysis of the entertainment industry as complicit in cultural alienation† (Self viii para 1) Self does not seek to describe Altman as a cinematic auteur but how his work helped in the emergence of cinematic-art in America. He explains how Altman introduced modernist story telling and took on socially fragmented subjects. The does not give a chronological account of the films but divides them into three parts. The first part of the book is named Narrative Formations. This part includes the analysis of Kensa City, MASH, 3 Women, and Romance and Adventure (Self, Robert Altman). Here Self tries to answer why the populaar audience remain indifferent to his work. According to him, the American audience is used to seeing satifying and cliched endings and so they dismiss Altmans work as dissatisfying and insignificant (Self, Robert Altman). Then he talks about his role in introducing new American cinema in the sixties and seventies. He argues that Altman’s films posses all the features of new cinema like in MASH, Altmans uses the fragmented sound intead of the then popular classical style. Other features include the the contradictory opinions in the same story, the incoherent mentality of the characters and their self destruction, large casts, multiple stories etc. His movies provide a realistic experience rather than a fantasy, like the most Hollywood films. Unlike the conventional Hollywood cast, Altman main characters are often phisically unattractive like Shelley Duvall, exhausted like McCabe (Self, Robert Altman), and lack sensual appeal . These characterictics of his movies make it easier for the general public to relate to. Self argues that Altman often manipulates genres, romanc in particular. For this he gives examples of A perfect couple to redicule the cliche that ‘opposite attracts’ and A Wedding to expose the lie about the cliche ‘happily ever after’ (Self, Robert Altman). The second part of he book is names â€Å"Identities in Patriarchy†. This part deals with the films that concerned with men and women seperately. Altman often portrays the weakness in men and insults their authority. Self gives the examples of Secret honor and The gingerbread (Self, Robert Altman). Both these movies show the faults in popular male figures. When dealing with women, self takes into consideration That cold day, Images, 3 women, Come back to the five and dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean, Kansas city and Cookie’s fortune (Self, Robert Altman). According to Self, Altman reveals the concerns and shortcomings of women. He writes: Inasmuch as these open narratives actualize the female voice within a male discourse, it is possible to read them as further examples of the effort of Hollywood cinema to effect an authority over women. It is also possible to read these Altman films as inversions of the hostility toward woman† (Self [web]). Self explains in detail ho w the characters in Altman’s films are socially restricted and expected to act according to their gender roles. In the last part, Putting on the Show, Self talks about how Altman’s films reflect cinematic culture. In this part he gives exaples of Nashville, The Player and Buffalo Bil (Self, Robert Altman). He discusses the subliminal reality that not only includes the film makers and the popular audience, and claims that the makers alter patriotism for profit. He sees Altman as a liberal man. Altman provides an intellectual which limits his audience becaus social criticism is something which not popular among the audience. Self talks about subliminal reality in Pret a porter in a different chapter. He appriciates the film and complains that it was not taken seriously and neglected. Self praises the framing and filming. He defines them as â€Å"the most vibrant and energetic and assertive images in all of Altman’s work† (Self). He ends the book with the chapter World elsewhere . He analyzes the film short cuts and Altman’s composition of many other short stories by Raymond Carver. He talks about how Altman communicates more with the effects he adds to the story than by explanation (Self, Robert Altman). Robert Altman’s subliminal reality gives many details about the work done by a great American film director, Robert Altman, and contains valuable information on classical and American art cinema. It comprehensively covers the history of cinema, its developement, and Altman’s contributions to it. How to cite Robert Altman’s Subliminal Reality, Papers

Aberdeen Maritime Museum Essay Example

Aberdeen Maritime Museum Essay The purpose of this report is to provide a critical analysis of the existing communications strategy at Aberdeen Maritime Museum, and recommend future promotional activity. This will be done through an investigation of the museums target market, the current communications strategy used, a possible future communication strategy and ways to evaluate it. Conclusions will then be drawn. The Information needed for this report was gathered from textbooks, journals, the Internet and an interview with John Edwards, Aberdeen Maritime Museums Keeper of Science and Maritime History which took place on Monday 4th November. Museum Background Aberdeen Maritime Museum has been part of the citys heritage for numerous years. Prior to 1984 it was situated in a basement room of Cowdray Hall before it moved to Provost Ross House. 1998 saw the opening of a  £4million extension to the museum in its own purposely built building, (a converted church and empty plot next to Provost Ross House) making the museum five times its previous size. We will write a custom essay sample on Aberdeen Maritime Museum specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Aberdeen Maritime Museum specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Aberdeen Maritime Museum specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Today the museum is a very popular attraction within the city with 81,460 visitors last year (Evening Express, 14 March 2002). The museum has been ranked 24th out of 360 museums in Scotland. (www.scottishmuseums.org.uk). The museum has also won a five star award from Scottish Tourist Board. This is awarded to establishments who are exceptional. Target Market Segmentation is The division of the market into customer subsets, one or more of which becomes the target market, each with a distinct marketing mix (Turnbull, 2002). Therefore, target marketing is the process whereby specific segments are selected and marketing plans are developed to satisfy the needs of the potential buyers in the chosen segment (Fill, 2002) The museum targets local people as it contains local history. (90% of the objects inside the museum have been donated by local people (Edwards, 2002)) Segmenting people by this method is called geographic segmentation as the target market is in a specific area. School children and 16-24 year olds are the museums main audiences. The main reason for this is due to the large number of educational visits. Segmenting by age is known as demographics. Demographics can be defined as dividing the market into groups based upon demographic variables such as age, gender, occupation, education, religion, race and nationality. (Kother and Armstrong, 2001) Therefore the museums main target market (school children and 16-24 year olds in the Aberdeen area) is segmented by geo-demographics (a combination of geographic and demographic segmentation) Business tourism is also a fast growing market, with an increase in conference and exhibitions. The Maritime Museum offers conference facilities that are growing in popularity. This could be because its classed as an unusual venue. Previous users of the conference facilities have included Grampian Police and major oil and computer companies. This market could be segmented on the basis of demographics the museum is targeting professionals looking for a venue to hold their conference. The museum also has customers who visit the museum to use the shop and the cafe facilities. This group of visitors would be segmented and targeted based on their behaviour traits. Overseas visitors to the city are not specifically targeted. Most visitors knowledgeable about the museum find out information via the Visit Scotland. The Maritime Museums target market of local people could be broken down into more specific segments such as schoolchildren, 16 24 year olds and professionals looking for conference facilities. Other segments such as retired people and families could also be considered. Current Communication Strategy Marketing communication is a management process through which an organisation enters into a dialogue with its various audiences (Fill, 2002). The main communication methods used to achieve communication are advertising, direct marketing, sales promotion, exhibitions, packaging/design, personal selling, sponsorship, merchandising/point of sale, corporate identity, public relations and word of mouth. Advertising Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services. (Kotler and Armstrong, 2001) With an advertising budget of  £10,000 per year, the museum can not afford any large-scale advertising activity. Currently the museum advertises locally through a leaflet produced by Aberdeen Art Gallery and Museums called the Diary. The leaflet highlights exhibitions and whats going on in the Art Gallery, Provost Skene House and the Maritime Museum. (Appendix 1.) The Diary could be described as an arts marketing consortia a regular forum for joint marketing (Freeman 1997) The benefits of this include reduced advertising costs, and reaching people who are unaware of the museum. The museum produces its own leaflet, but it is unavailable outside the museum. This is because it is primarily used for orientation around the museum. The museum also invests in advertising in a leaflet called North-East Scotlands Coastal Trail. (Appendix 2) There are over 200,000 leaflets produced, so it reaches a large number of people at a relatively low cost. (Edwards 2002) The small marketing budget means that the museum can not afford to have regular adverts in the local press. However, they are considering advertising in either the Press and Journal or the Evening Express each week in the same space to that people will become aware of the advert, then visit the museum. The only form of outdoor advertising that the museum partakes in is a banner outside the museum. Another form of advertising is through the Maritime Museums web page (www.aagm.co.uk), this is known as interactive advertising. Significant investment into Visit Scotland (www.visitscotland.com) is also made. In doing this the museum a reach a world-wide audience. Direct Marketing Kotler and Armstrong (2001) define direct marketing as a direct communication with carefully targeted individual consumers to obtain an immediate response and cultivate lasting customer relationships. The Friends of Aberdeen Art Gallery and Museums could be described as direct marketing. As well as providing funds to the AAGM, members receive invitations to functions and exhibition openings, mailings of information, and discount on selected items from the shops. (Appendix 3) Sales Promotion Sales promotion seeks to offer buyers additional value as an inducement to generate an immediate sale. (Fill, 2002) As the Maritime Museum offers a free service, sales promotion is not used. However, in 1998 until 2000, the museum introduced entry charges. Consequently, the number of visitors dropped by 75% (Edwards, 2002), so were therefore abolished. Sales promotion could have been used during this period, for example a family of four could have paid entry fees for two adults and the children got in free. Packaging/Design Packaging and design is concerned with the designing and producing the container or wrapper for a product. (Kotler and Armstrong, 2001) This communication method does not play apart in the museums strategy as they offer a service. Personal Selling Personal selling is a form of marketing communication that involves a face-to-face dialogue between two persons or by one person and a group. (Fill, 2002). Again this method does not play a part in the museums communication strategy. Sponsorship Fill (2002) defines sponsorship as a commercial activity whereby one party permits another an opportunity to exploit an association with a target audience in return for funds, services or resources. The museum does not sponsor anything it does however hold Techfest and activity weekends during the summer holidays for children (their target audience). Benefits of doing this include increased visitor numbers and increased awareness of the museum.. Merchandising/Point of Sale Merchandising is done at the museums shop, which sells goods such as pens, pencils and stickers that all contain the museums name Corporate Identity Corporate identity is simply the awareness, perception and attitudes held by an organisations various stakeholders (Fill, 2002) The museum finds out about its image by survey sheets which they have had for the last four years, and also by notes left in the visitor books which are placed throughout the museum. The museum is also conscious that the average shopper is not aware of the museum, but to find out exact figures, they would need to carry out expensive market research done by experts. Public Relations / Publicity In the March 1997 edition of the Museum Journal, Sarah Freeman stated during this time of cutbacks, aggressive political manoeuvres and market saturation, museums have started looking for allies to help them reach out to the public and convince audiences that are vital and worthwhile. The best way for museums to do this is through public relations. Public relations (PR) is about building up good relations with the companys various publics by obtaining favourable publicity (Kotler and Armstrong, 2001) Whenever a new exhibition is introduced into the Maritime Museum, a press release is sent to the local newspapers, which will then possibly run an editorial on it. This benefits the museum as it costs nothing but will also increase visitor numbers, raise support, influence people, establish a professional reputation and target audiences that are hard to reach (Freeman 1997) PR also has its downfalls. Main stories may only make it to newspapers and TV (local, regional or national) if there has been a disaster, a visit from a famous person, or a wacky or topical story. If there is important news on the same day as the museums editorial, the museum story is likely to be dropped, so it is very vulnerable. (Freeman 1997)